man 8 route
/sbin/route -n get default
/sbin/route -n get default | grep -w gateway
/sbin/route -n get default | grep interface | awk '{print $NF}'

/usr/bin/dig +short www.web_site.com                                 # get IPNUM
/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/route -n add -host IPNUM 127.0.0.1 -blackhole    # block IPNUM
/usr/sbin/netstat -rn | grep IPNUM                                   # show routing table
/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/route delete IPNUM 127.0.0.1                     # undo blocking


function blocksite() {
   declare ipaddr ipnum
   if [[ "${1//localhost/}" == '' ]] || [[ "${1//127.0.0.1/}" == '' ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n" 'Argument "localhost" is not permitted!'
      return 1
   fi
   ipnum=$(/usr/bin/dig +short "${1}" | /usr/bin/sed -E -n -e 's/^(([[:digit:]]{1,3}\.){3}[[:digit:]]{1,3})$/\1/p'; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   if [[ $? -ne 0 ]] || [[ -z "${ipnum}" ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n%s\n" "Are you connected to the internet?" "man dig could not find the IP address of: ${1}"
      return 1
   fi
   OIFS=${IFS}
   IFS=$' \t\n'
   for ipaddr in ${ipnum//[[:cntrl:]]/ }; do
      /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/route -n add -host ${ipaddr} 127.0.0.1 -blackhole >/dev/null 2>&1
   done
   export IFS=${OIFS}
   printf "%s\n" "... blocking internet access to site: ${1} with IP address: ${ipnum//[[:cntrl:]]/, }"
   return 0
}


function unblocksite() {
   declare ipaddr ipnum
   if [[ "${1//localhost/}" == '' ]] || [[ "${1//127.0.0.1/}" == '' ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n" 'Argument "localhost" is not permitted!'
      return 1
   fi
   ipnum=$(/usr/bin/dig +short "${1}" | /usr/bin/sed -E -n -e 's/^(([[:digit:]]{1,3}\.){3}[[:digit:]]{1,3})$/\1/p'; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   if [[ $? -ne 0 ]] || [[ -z "${ipnum}" ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n%s\n" "Are you connected to the internet?" "man dig could not find the IP address of: ${1}"
      return 1
   fi
   OIFS=${IFS}
   IFS=$' \t\n'
   for ipaddr in ${ipnum//[[:cntrl:]]/ }; do
      /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/route delete ${ipaddr} 127.0.0.1 >/dev/null 2>&1
   done
   export IFS=${OIFS}
   printf "%s\n" "... unblocking internet access to site: ${1} with IP address: ${ipnum//[[:cntrl:]]/ }"
   return 0
}


function unblockall() {
   declare ipaddr ipnums
   ipnums=$(/usr/sbin/netstat -rnf inet | /usr/bin/awk '{ if ( $2 == "127.0.0.1" && $3 == "UGHSB" ) print $1 }'; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   if [[ $? -ne 0 ]] || [[ -z "${ipnums}" ]]; then 
      printf "%s\x21\n" "No IP addresses to unblock"
      return 1
   fi
   OIFS=${IFS}
   IFS=$' \t\n'
   for ipaddr in ${ipnums//[[:cntrl:]]/ }; do
      /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/route delete ${ipaddr} 127.0.0.1 >/dev/null 2>&1
   done
   export IFS=${OIFS}
   printf "%s\n" "... unblocking internet access to IP addresses: ${ipnums//[[:cntrl:]]/ }"
   return 0
}


function showblocked() {
   ipnums=$(/usr/sbin/netstat -rnf inet | /usr/bin/awk '{ if ( $2 == "127.0.0.1" && $3 == "UGHSB" ) print $1 }'; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   printf "%s\n" "Blocked IP addresses: ${ipnums//[[:cntrl:]]/, }"
   return 0
}



blocksite codesnippets.joyent.com
netstat -rnf inet | grep UGHSB
showblocked
open http://codesnippets.joyent.com
unblocksite codesnippets.joyent.com

blocksite codesnippets.joyent.com
blocksite www.google.com
netstat -rnf inet | grep UGHSB
showblocked
open http://www.google.com
unblockall

# cf. Example ipfw ruleset, http://codesnippets.joyent.com/posts/show/1267

# choose appropriate numbers for num1 & num2 according to your ipfw ruleset

/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list
/usr/sbin/sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step

function free_ipfw_rule_num() {
   declare -i num1=6701 num2=6799 lastipfwnum
   if [[ $(/usr/sbin/sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step) -ne 100 ]]; then 
      printf "%s\x21\n" "sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step is not set to 100"
      return 1
   fi
   lastipfwnum=$(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list | /usr/bin/tail -n 2 | /usr/bin/head -n 1 | /usr/bin/awk '{print $1}')
   if [[ $num2 -ge $lastipfwnum ]]; then 
      printf "%s\x21\n" "${num2} is greater than or equal to ${lastipfwnum}"
      return 1
   fi
   while $(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw show ${num1} &>/dev/null) ; do
      let "num1 += 1"
      if [[ $num1 -gt $num2 ]]; then num1=; break; return 1; fi
   done
   printf "%s\n" "${num1}"
   return 0
}


function openport() {
   declare portnum rulenum
   if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then printf "%s\n" "Wrong number of arguments: $#"; return 1; fi
   portnum="${1//[^[:digit:]]/}"
   if [[ -z $portnum ]]; then printf "%s\n" "No valid port number given: ${1}"; return 1; fi
   if [[ $portnum -gt 65535 ]]; then printf "%s\n" "Given port number is greater than 65535: ${portnum}"; return 1; fi
   rulenum=$(free_ipfw_rule_num)
   /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw -q add ${rulenum} allow all from any to any dst-port ${portnum} keep-state
   printf "%s\n" "... opening ipfw rule no. ${rulenum} for internet access via port ${portnum}"
   return 0
}


function closeport() {
   declare portnum rulenum
   if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then printf "%s\n" "Wrong number of arguments: $#"; return 1; fi
   portnum="${1//[^[:digit:]]/}"
   if [[ -z $portnum ]]; then printf "%s\n" "No valid port number given: ${1}"; return 1; fi
   if [[ $portnum -gt 65535 ]]; then printf "%s\n" "Given port number is greater than 65535: ${portnum}"; return 1; fi
   rulenum=$(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list | /usr/bin/awk "/from +any +to +any +dst-port +${portnum} +keep-state[[:space:]]*$/ {print \$1}")
   if [[ -z "${rulenum}" ]]; then printf "%s\n" "No ipfw rule for port number: ${portnum}"; return 1; fi
   /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw -q delete ${rulenum}
   printf "%s\n%s\n" "... deleting ipfw rule no. ${rulenum//[[:cntrl:]]/ }" "... closing internet access via port: ${portnum}"
   return 0
}


openport 43
openport 43
openport 43

/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw show [rulenum]     # ... allow ip from any to any dst-port 43 keep-state

closeport 43

defaults domains | tr ',' '\n' | nl
defaults domains | tr ',' '\n' | grep -i network
defaults find network | egrep '^Found'
defaults find whois | egrep '^Found'
defaults find server | egrep '^Found'

defaults read com.apple.NetworkUtility
defaults read ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.NetworkUtility NUWhoisSelectedServer
defaults read com.apple.NetworkUtility NUWhoisServers | awk -F '"' '/"/{print $2}' | nl

defaults read com.apple.NetworkUtility NUWhoisServers | awk -F '"' '/"/{print $2}' | xargs -I '{}' \
     bash -c 'ipaddr="$(/usr/bin/dig +short {})"; printf "%s\n" "${ipaddr//[[:cntrl:]]/, }"'

defaults read com.apple.NetworkUtility NUWhoisServers | awk -F '"' '/"/{print $2}' | xargs -I '{}' \
     bash -c 'ipaddr="$(/usr/bin/dig +short {})"; printf "%s  --  %s\n" "{}" "${ipaddr//[[:cntrl:]]/, }"'

# See:
# - http://osxutils.sourceforge.net
# - http://www.sveinbjorn.org/osxutils_docs
# - http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1188.html

/usr/local/bin/mkalias -r /path/to/file /path/to/mac-alias
/usr/local/bin/hfsdata -e /path/to/mac-alias

# Load mod_jk module
# Update this path to match your modules location

LoadModule jk_module /usr/libexec/apache2/mod_jk.so
# Where to find workers.properties
# Update this path to match your conf directory location (put workers.properties next to httpd.conf)
JkWorkersFile /private/etc/apache2/workers.properties
# Where to put jk shared memory
# Update this path to match your local state directory or logs directory
JkShmFile /var/log/apache2/mod_jk.shm
# Where to put jk logs
# Update this path to match your logs directory location (put mod_jk.log next to access_log)
JkLogFile /var/log/apache2/mod_jk.log
# Set the jk log level [debug/error/info]
JkLogLevel info
# Select the timestamp log format
JkLogStampFormat "[%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y] "
# Send everything for context /examples to worker named ajp13 (ajp13)
# These are determined by tomcat apache configuration, the path below determines which part of your site will serve .jsp files.
JKMount /jqia/* ajp13

#
# The workers that jk should create and work with
#
worker.list=ajp13

#
# Defining a worker named ajp13 and of type ajp13
# Note that the name and the type do not have to match.
#
worker.ajp13.type=ajp13
worker.ajp13.host=localhost
worker.ajp13.port=8009

# cf. Example ipfw ruleset, http://codesnippets.joyent.com/posts/show/1267

# choose appropriate numbers for num1 & num2 according to your ipfw ruleset

/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list
/usr/sbin/sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step

function free_ipfw_rule_num() {
   declare -i num1=6701 num2=6799 lastipfwnum
   if [[ $(/usr/sbin/sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step) -ne 100 ]]; then 
      printf "%s\x21\n" "sysctl -n net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step is not set to 100"
      return 1
   fi
   lastipfwnum=$(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list | /usr/bin/tail -n 2 | /usr/bin/head -n 1 | /usr/bin/awk '{print $1}')
   if [[ $num2 -ge $lastipfwnum ]]; then 
      printf "%s\x21\n" "${num2} is greater than or equal to ${lastipfwnum}"
      return 1
   fi
   while $(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw show ${num1} &>/dev/null) ; do
      let "num1 += 1"
      if [[ $num1 -gt $num2 ]]; then num1=; break; return 1; fi
   done
   printf "%s\n" "${num1}"
   return 0
}


function opensite() {
   declare ipnum ipfwnum
   if [[ $# -eq 0 ]] || [[ $# -gt 2 ]]; then printf "%s\n" "Wrong number of arguments: $#"; return 1; fi
   ipnum=$(/usr/bin/dig +short ${1} 2>/dev/null | /usr/bin/tail -n 1; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   if [[ $? -ne 0 ]] || [[ -z "${ipnum}" ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n%s\n" "Are you connected to the internet?" "man dig could not find the IP address of: ${1}"
      return 1
   fi
   ipfwnum=$(free_ipfw_rule_num)
   if [[ $# -eq 1 ]]; then
      /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw -q add ${ipfwnum} allow { src-ip "${ipnum}" or dst-ip "${ipnum}" } keep-state
      printf "%s\n" "... opening ipfw rule no. ${ipfwnum} for internet access to site: ${1}"
   elif [[ $# -eq 2 ]]; then
      /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw -q add ${ipfwnum} allow { src-ip "${ipnum}" or dst-ip "${ipnum}" } dst-port "${2//[^[:digit:]]/}" keep-state
      printf "%s\n" "... opening ipfw rule no. ${ipfwnum} for internet access to site: ${1} on port ${2}"
   fi
   return 0
}


function closesite() {
   declare ipnum rulenum
   if [[ "${1//localhost/}" == '' ]]; then printf "%s\n" 'Argument "localhost" is not permitted!'; return 1; fi
   ipnum=$(/usr/bin/dig +short "${1}" 2>/dev/null | /usr/bin/tail -n 1; exit ${PIPESTATUS[0]})
   if [[ $? -ne 0 ]] || [[ -z "${ipnum}" ]]; then 
      printf "%s\n%s\n" "Are you connected to the internet?" "man dig could not find the IP address of: ${1}"
      return 1
   fi
   rulenum=$(/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw list | /usr/bin/awk "/${ipnum}/ {print \$1}")
   if [[ -z "${rulenum}" ]]; then printf "%s\n" "No ipfw rule for: ${1}"; return 1; fi
   /usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw -q delete ${rulenum}
   printf "%s\n%s\n" "... deleting ipfw rule no. ${rulenum//[[:cntrl:]]/ }" "... closing internet access to site: ${1}"
   return 0
}



# usage: 
# opensite [www.website.com] [optional: portnumber]
# closesite [www.website.com]

# example: http://wooledge.org:8000/BashFAQ

host wooledge.org
dig +short wooledge.org

opensite wooledge.org
opensite wooledge.org
opensite wooledge.org
opensite wooledge.org

closesite wooledge.org


opensite wooledge.org 8080
/usr/bin/sudo /sbin/ipfw show [rule no.]
closesite wooledge.org


#--------------------------------------------


man bash | less -p PIPESTATUS
help set | sed -E "s/(pipefail)/$(printf '\e[1m\\1\e[m')/"

set +o pipefail

ls asx 2>&1 | egrep '.'
echo $?

ls asx 2>&1 | egrep '.'
echo ${PIPESTATUS[*]} 

set -o pipefail

ls asx 2>&1 | egrep '.'
echo $?

ls asx 2>&1 | egrep '.'
echo ${PIPESTATUS[*]} 


# remove all non-numeric characters from a string
str="74n237k ab454c e 4 6 6g6fg6d66d"
echo ${#str}
echo ${str}
echo ${str//[^[:digit:]]/}


# yet another way to the check the reachability of a web site
man scutil
scutil --help
scutil -r www.website.com
scutil -r 127.0.0.1 209.85.129.147

# qtplay & mpg123

export PATH="/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/lib:/opt/local/include:/opt/local/man:${PATH}"
alias port=/opt/local/bin/port

port list | grep -i audio

port info qtplay 
port info mpg123

/usr/bin/sudo port -c install qtplay
/usr/bin/sudo port -c install mpg123

mpg123 file.MP3

qtplay file.MP3
qtplay 'http://file.mp3'
qtplay 'http://file.mov'     # http://www.apple.com/trailers/


#-----------------------------------------


# play, http://www.hieper.nl/html/play.html

export PATH="/usr/local/bin:${PATH}"

# create /usr/local/bin
/usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /usr/local/bin
/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown root:wheel /usr/local /usr/local/bin
/usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod 0755 /usr/local /usr/local/bin

cd ~/Desktop
curl -L -O http://www.hieper.nl/downloads/play.dmg
hdiutil mount ~/Desktop/play.dmg
open -a Safari '/Volumes/play 1.3/readme.html'
/usr/bin/sudo /bin/cp -i '/Volumes/play 1.3/play' /usr/local/bin
ls -l /usr/local/bin/play
hdiutil unmount '/Volumes/play 1.3'

play ~/Music/Winterreise/Gute\ Nacht.mp3

# listen to the first 10 seconds of each Schubert song on your computer
mdfind "kMDItemComposer == Schubert" | play -vt 10


#-------------------------------------------------------------


# afplay
# compile & install afplay and related command line audio tools (Mac OS X 10.4.11)
# requires Xcode, http://developer.apple.com/tools/xcode/index.html

ls -1 /usr/bin/af*     # Mac OS X 10.5
ls -1 /usr/bin/au* 

# Mac OS X 10.4
open /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio/Services/AudioFileTools/AudioFileTools.xcodeproj
# ... then just press "Build"

ls -l /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio/Services/AudioFileTools/build/Development-Panther/* | nl
ls -1 /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio/Services/AudioFileTools/build/Development-Panther/* | nl


#/usr/bin/find /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio/Services/AudioFileTools/build/Development-Panther -mindepth 1 | \
#     /usr/bin/xargs -I '{}' /usr/bin/sudo /bin/cp -i '{}' /usr/local/bin

/bin/ls -1 /Developer/Examples/CoreAudio/Services/AudioFileTools/build/Development-Panther/* | \
     /usr/bin/xargs -I '{}' /usr/bin/sudo /bin/cp -i '{}' /usr/local/bin

ls -l /usr/local/bin/af*
ls -l /usr/local/bin/au*

afconvert
afinfo
afinterleave
afplay
afrecord
auprocess
auprofile


# background music
# cf. http://codesnippets.joyent.com/posts/show/1508
/usr/bin/screen -d -m afplay "/path/to/file.MP3"

kill -HUP $$
kill -HUP $PPID
killall -HUP Terminal


apropos audio
apropos sound

# set global Mac OS X sound output volume
# see http://osxutils.sourceforge.net
man setvolume   
setvolume 50

# See:
# http://osxutils.sourceforge.net
# http://www.sveinbjorn.org/osxutils_docs

cd ~/Desktop
curl -L -O http://surfnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/osxutils/osxutils1.7.pkg.zip
unzip -qq osxutils1.7.pkg.zip
open -a Installer osxutils1.7.pkg

/bin/mkdir -p ~/Desktop/IconDir
/bin/cp /Library/Desktop\ Pictures/Nature{/Ladybug.jpg,'/Evening Reflections.jpg'} ~/Desktop/IconDir
/usr/bin/sips -i ~/Desktop/IconDir/*

/usr/bin/touch ~/Desktop/IconDir/testfile.txt
/bin/chmod 0777 ~/Desktop/IconDir/*

ls -l ~/Desktop/IconDir/*

open ~/Desktop/IconDir

# set icon
/usr/local/bin/seticon ~/Desktop/IconDir/Ladybug.jpg ~/Desktop/IconDir/testfile.txt

# update file system changes of open Finder window
/usr/local/bin/wsupdate ~/Desktop/IconDir/testfile.txt
#/bin/mv ~/Desktop/IconDir{/testfile.txt,/tmp.txt} && /bin/mv ~/Desktop/IconDir{/tmp.txt,/testfile.txt} 


# set icon
/usr/local/bin/seticon ~/Desktop/IconDir/'Evening Reflections'.jpg ~/Desktop/IconDir
/usr/local/bin/wsupdate ~/Desktop/IconDir

/bin/chmod -R 0755 ~/Desktop/IconDir
ls -al ~/Desktop/IconDir/*


# geticon
sips -i file.jpg
geticon -t icns file.jpg


# list files with resource forks
# cf. http://www.entropy.ch/blog/Mac+OS+X/2005/03/30/,
# http://forums.macosxhints.com/showthread.php?t=70224 and
# "can UNIX resolve OS X aliases?", http://forums.macosxhints.com/showthread.php?t=19960

cd ~/Desktop/IconDir
ls -1 | while IFS= read -r i; do if [[ -s ${i}/..namedfork/rsrc ]]; then ls -l "${i}/..namedfork/rsrc"; fi; done
find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print
find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print0 | xargs -0 -n1 -I '{}' ls -l '{}'/..namedfork/rsrc
find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print0 | xargs -0 -n1 -I '{}' sed -n -e 'l' '{}'/..namedfork/rsrc
find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print0 | xargs -0 -n1 -I '{}' ruby -n -e 'p $_.to_s' '{}'/..namedfork/rsrc
find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print0 | xargs -0 -n1 -I '{}' strings '{}'/..namedfork/rsrc

# delete resource fork
find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -exec test -s {}/..namedfork/rsrc \; -print0 | xargs -0 -I '{}' /bin/cp /dev/null '{}/..namedfork/rsrc'

ditto --norsrc file.jpg{,.bak}
ditto --norsrc file.jpg.bak file.jpg

# some additional resource fork tools
man Rez
man DeRez
man RezWack     # create a flattened file from resource and data fork
man UnRezWack
man SplitForks
man FixupResourceForks

/Developer/Tools/Rez --help
/Developer/Tools/DeRez --help
/Developer/Tools/RezWack --help
/Developer/Tools/UnRezWack --help
/Developer/Tools/SplitForks --help
/System/Library/CoreServices/FixupResourceForks --help

ls -1 /Developer/Tools/*
/Developer/Tools/RezDet --help
/Developer/Tools/RezDet -d file; echo $?
/Developer/Tools/RezDet -s file; echo $?

man CpMac | less -N -j -9 -p 'As of Mac OS X 10.4' 
man MvMac | less -N -j -11 -p 'As of Mac OS X 10.4' 

# http://tclresource.sourceforge.net
man tclresource

locate *dotmacsyncclient

/usr/bin/sudo /bin/ln -is /System/Library/CoreServices/dotmacsyncclient /usr/bin/dotmacsyncclient
dotmacsyncclient
dotmacsyncclient --version
dotmacsyncclient --listclients